Morro Velho mine
Nova Lima, Minas Gerais, Brazil
Key Information
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The Morro Velho mine is in Nova Lima, Minas Gerais, Brazil, near Belo Horizonte, in a mineral-rich region.
It mainly produces gold, with silver, arsenic, and sulfides like pyrrhotite and arsenopyrite also found.
The mine's geology involves complex folds in quartz-dolomite-ankerite rock, formed through hydrothermal processes.
Mining began in 1725, making it the world's oldest continuously operating gold mine, now owned by AngloGold Ashanti.
It has shaped local culture, funding infrastructure like tramways and hospitals, and is part of a tropical highland ecosystem.
Geographic Location
The Morro Velho mine is located in Nova Lima, Minas Gerais, Brazil, in the southeastern part of the country, near the state capital, Belo Horizonte. This area, known as the Quadrilátero Ferrífero, is famous for its iron and gold deposits, making it a hotspot for mineral enthusiasts. Nearby, other notable mines like Bicalho add to the region's mining legacy.
Minerals Produced
Gold is the star attraction at Morro Velho, with historical production exceeding 7 million ounces. Alongside gold, the mine yields silver, arsenic, and a variety of sulfides, including pyrrhotite, arsenopyrite, pyrite, and chalcopyrite, which are particularly interesting for collectors due to their unique occurrences.
Geological Structure
The mine's geology is a complex tapestry of metasedimentary and metavolcanic rocks from the Rio das Velhas series, specifically the Nova Lima group. Gold and sulfides are hosted in a quartz-dolomite-ankerite rock called "lapa seca," formed through hydrothermal replacement and associated with eastward-plunging folds, offering a fascinating study for geologists.
Mining History
Operational since 1725, Morro Velho is the world's oldest continuously producing gold mine, initially starting as an open pit before transitioning to deep underground mining. It reached depths over 2,400 meters and has been owned by various entities, including the Saint John Del Rey Mining Company and currently AngloGold Ashanti, maintaining its significance in Brazil's mining industry.
Local Culture and Characteristics
The mine has deeply influenced Nova Lima, funding key infrastructure like South America's first tramway line and a hydroelectric power plant, as well as supporting the Villa Nova AC football team. It's a symbol of local pride, reflecting the region's mining heritage and community resilience.
Climate and Ecology
Minas Gerais has a tropical climate with wet and dry seasons, part of the Brazilian Highlands with diverse ecosystems. The climate has impacted mining operations, particularly water management in deep shafts, adding to the mine's operational challenges and ecological context.